Smart materials

The essential quality of a Å"smart material  is that it can react to outside upgrades in an in fact valuable and in fact controlled way. The words Å"technically useful  and Å"technically controlled  are underlined since all materials react to outer upgrades or something to that affect or other (as a straightforward model, all materials react to temperature by changing their volume), nonetheless, to be viewed as a Å"smart material  the reaction must be one that is helpful in a building application.Thus, any conversation of keen materials must incorporate a thought of the utilization of these materials. Creatures and plants could be considered as comprising of countless brilliant materials, in any case, the extent of this article will be confined to inorganic and natural materials that are utilized in an increasingly customary designing sense. ) The term brilliant material frequently additionally has a chronicled setting, just being applied to generally new materials. For instance, consider the basic bimetallic strip.Bimetallic strips have been around for quite a long time and comprise of two metals Joined with the goal that the distinction in the coefficient of warm development makes the strip twist in light of an adjustment in temperature. This can be utilized, eg, to open or close an echanical valve or electrical circuit. The upgrades may either be given by the indigenous habitat or built into a structure that the material is a piece of. In any case, bimetallic strips are regularly not thought of as keen materials since they have been near and utilized for a long time.Smart materials are additionally frequently portrayed by the way that they change vitality starting with one mode then onto the next, eg, from electrical vitality to mechanical vitality. Brilliant materials are likewise frequently consolidated in purported Smart Structures, which are structures that, just as being the basic help of a structure or vehicle, additionally have a further capacity. For instance, a heap bearing structure that additionally quantifies the heap that it is conveying is a case of a savvy structure. 2.Classification Schemes How a material is thought of or grouped depends somewhat on the logical or specialized order that is thinking about the material. For instance, a material researcher is keen on the inward structure and how this may change affected by an outside upgrade, while an application specialist might be progressively worried about the capacity of the material and what it very well may be utilized for. 2. 1 . Characterization According to Function. Shrewd materials can be arranged by the expected essential capacity, eg, as a sensor, actuator, or vitality generator.Piezoelectric material is a case of a class of brilliant materials that can be utilized in each of the three of these capacities. When exposed to pressure these materials produce an electrical voltage that can be utilized as a reaction sign and furthermore to create power. Then ag ain, when exposed to a voltage these materials produce a mechanical pressure. The tradable idea of boost and reaction is a typical, however not widespread, trademark ot 1 Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Copyright John Wiley (a) they convert mechanical worry into an electric field (Fig. la), and this impact is utilized in piezoelectric sensors; (b) use of an electric field creates a mechanical 4 pressure (Fig. 1b, c), and this conduct is used in actuator and force generator-collecting gadgets. Just materials with an electrically poled, anisotropic gem stucture can frame piezoelectrics; Ëœe, there must be an inherent electric field kept up a specific way all through the material.Thus the material must be pyroelectric. An element of a pyroelectric material is the vanishing of this pontaneous electric field over the Curie point temperature. Piezoelectric gadgets are framed by raising the material over the Curie point temperature and afterward cooling within the sight of a solid electric field. The regular term for this activity is to state that the material is Å"poled  within the sight of the electric field. This outcomes in fractional or complete arrangement of the unconstrained electric field inside the material. A related material property is the ferroelectric effect.All ferroelectric materials are fundamentally both pyroelectric and piezoelectric. The ferroelectric impact is the electric olarization realized by the total or halfway realignment of the unconstrained polarization bringing about a static electric field at the surfaces of the materials. (Be that as it may, note, a net field isn't regularly distinguished in light of the fact that the surface charge is quickly killed by surrounding charged particles. ) There are two chief sorts of materials that can work as piezoelectrics: the earthenware production and polymers. 1 .Ceramics: The most generally utilized materials are the piezoceramics dependent on the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) a rrangements, blended sodium and potassium niobates, lithium niobate, and quartz. The upsides of these piezoceramics are that they have a high piezoelectric movement and they can be created in various shapes. 2. Polymers: Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, is the most generally utilized polymer piezoelectric material. It has the focal points over earthenware gadgets of adaptability, formability and can be essentially sliced to shape. Polymer piezoelectric materials have lower authority (power and relocation) than artistic devices.The PVDF structure is a genuine case of the unconstrained electric field found in these sorts of material (Fig. A restriction of piezoelectric materials is that they show little dimensional changes however with high applied power). Composite structures comprising of a length of piezoelectric clung to a nonpiezoelectric substrate can be utilized to change over the parallel change in measurement of the piezoelectric to a twisting power. Along these lines, bigger activation strokes can be accomplished. Piezoelectric materials are utilized in a wide range of sorts of detecting and activating gadgets and furthermore for power harvesting.Examples incorporate Sensors: vibration, sound, accelerometers, pressure, ultrasonics, strain, power age. Actuators: print heads, vibration concealment, speakers and bells, flash generators, ultrasonic ransducers, micropositioning and interpretation. Electrical segments: channels and resonators. 5. Shape Memory Alloys and Polymers Metal shape memory composites (SMAs) display the properties of pseudo-versatility and the shape memory impact. These combinations experience thermomechanical changes going from a martensitic stage at low temperature to an austenitic stage at higher temperature (Fig. a). 5. 1 . Shape Memory Effect. In the martensite stage, the combination is milder and effortlessly controlled through enormous strains with a little change in pressure, ie, it tends to be effectively twisted. As the temp erature of the combination is expanded over the basic change) temperature, it changes into the austentic stage. In the austentic stage, the compound recaptures its high quality and high modulus and furthermore returns to its unique shape. In this way a SMA can be framed into shape over the change temperature, cooled beneath the change temperature, and shaped into various shape.On warming, the SMA will return to the shape that it was shaped into over the change temperature (Fig. 3b). 5. 2. Pseudo-Elasticity. This happens when the composite is totally made out of austenite (Ëœe, the temperature is over the change temperature). In the event that the temperature is kept steady and the material is stacked, at that point sooner or later there will be a change to the martensite stage just because of stacking. The heap is consumed by distortion of the gentler martensite stage, however after emptying the martensite begins to change once more into austenite and the materials springs once more into its unique shape (Fig. c). Shape memory compounds (SMAs) can be isolated into three practical gatherings: single direction SMAs, two-way SMAs, and attractively controlled SMAs. The attractively controlled SMAS show extraordinary potential as actuator materials for shrewd tructures on the grounds that they could furnish quick strokes with huge amplitudes under exact control. The most broadly utilized customary shape memory amalgams are the nickel-titanium, copper-zinc-aluminum, and copper-aluminum-nickel compounds. Because of their ease, iron-based shape memory composites are getting increasingly famous in savvy structure applications.Iron-manganese-silicon prepares alloyed with chromium, nickel, and cobalt, and iron-manganese-silicon prepares alloyed with nitrogen all fit into this classification. As recently referenced, the nickel-titanium amalgams have been the most broadly utilized shape memory compounds. This group of nickel-titanium amalgams is known as Nitinol (Nickel Ti tanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory to pay tribute to where this material conduct was first watched). Nitinol can be utilized in apply autonomy actuators and micromanipulators that mimic human muscle motion.The capacity of Nitinol to apply a smooth, controlled power when initiated is a bit of leeway of this material family. SMAS have been utilized for military, clinical, wellbeing, and mechanical technology applications. Explicit uses incorporate pressure driven lines, clinical tweezers, grapples for joining ligaments to bones, eyeglass outlines, control of hot house windows, underwire brassieres, and ntiscalding valves utilized in water taps, and shower heads. 5. 3. Shape Memory Polymers. Shape memory polymers (SMP) are polymers (polyurethane based thermoplastics) that can be warmed (over the glass progress temperature), distorted, and cooled to hold the twisted 6 shape.Upon warming over the change temperature, the material mollifies and comes back to the shape that it had before miss hapening. Preferences of SMPs over metallic SMAS incorporate light weight, high recoverable strains (up to 400%), infusion forming (to frame complex shapes), ease and SMPs have shape recuperation temperatures selectable somewhere in the range of A30 and 708C. The SMAs, nonetheless, have prevalent power attributes and can work at higher temperat

Seaborne Energy Business 2030 free essay sample

BP (2012) expressed that in 2011 worldwide oil utilization has expanded 0. 7 percent to arrive at 88 million BOPD. In spite of the way that the utilization isn't envisioning a lot of development, as indicated by UNCTAD (2012), in a similar period raw petroleum load limit arrived at 1. 8 billion tons and has a record for roughly 33% of the complete world seaborne exchange. Then, worldwide utilization of coal has expanded fundamentally in a similar period. As BP (2012) referenced in the BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012, coal has developed by 5. percent, which is the main petroleum product that expanded over the normal and the quickest developing vitality outside sustainable power source. Coal exchange across nations are additionally outlined astounding development. Between year 1999 and 2011 in ton mile unit coal exchange has risen 67 percent to various 2196 ton miles (UNCTAD, 2012). Besides, another vitality source that has a promising possibility to the world seaborne exchange is LNG. We will compose a custom article test on Seaborne Energy Business 2030 or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page LNG is the third wellsprings of vitality most devoured internationally, after oil and coal. This kind of nergy has indicated an extensive heightening over the most recent 10 years. Since 2000, LNG utilization has developed by more than 30 percent (BP, 2012). Similarly, from 1999 to 2011, LNG seaborne exchange has raised far increasingly huge, which arrive at the quantity of 258 percent (UNCTAD, 2012). In conclusion, the different outline vitality that perhaps ready to give manageability to the world vitality and could assume a more prominent job later on is non petroleum derivative vitality particularly sustainable power source. As of now, this kind of vitality has a record of 2. percent of world vitality utilization, which has ascended from 0. 7 percent in 2001 (BP, 2012). In present time, the commitment of this vitality may not be extremely noteworthy to world seaborne vitality exchange yet with the consistent development and declining of oil holds as the principle wellsprings of vitality, sustainable power source is figured to contribute more later on and it may influenced to the world seaborne vitality exchange. With the real factors previously mentioned, it is critical to create a projection on how the vitality utilization and creat ion extent is dispersed later on. Since seaborne vehicle business is an infers request, it is basic to anticipate the improvement of the product, for this situation is vitality, so as to have a general image of the vitality seaborne vehicle business later on. It is in this manner, this article will inspect the advancement of this issue, which will concentrate on unrefined petroleum, coal, LNG, and sustainable power source transport business particularly in the time of 2030. 2. Worldwide ENERGY DEMAND PROJECTION 2030 Demand of vitality creation that prompts vitality transportation is predominantly influenced by the measure of its utilization. As indicated by BP (2012) vitality utilization driven by two fundamental viewpoints that are populace and pay (GDP). In the year 2030, total populace is anticipated to develop by 1. 4 billion, which is 0. 9 percent for every annum. Development of GDP are additionally show a comparable patterns. Driven by low and medium pay economies, the development in the following 20 years is anticipated to quicken arrive at the quantity of 3. 7 percent, raising from 3. 2 percent in the 1990-2010 period. Be that as it may, increment in populace and GDP development isn't really flood the essential vitality utilization. As communicated in BP Energy Outlook 2030 (BP, 2012), essential vitality utilization development from 2010 to 2030, which overwhelmed by the gracefully of unrefined petroleum creation, is decelerated to 1. 6 percent contrasted with 2. 0 percent somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2010. The fundamental factor to this is significant decay of world unrefined petroleum saves by that year. Another factor that has developed this circumstance is worldwide improvement of vitality proficiency, particularly for OECD nations that moving the use of oil to sustainable for street transportation and change from coal to a similar sort vitality in power age. Regardless of the deceleration, essential vitality despite everything has a considerable record to the whole world vitality utilization. The extent of essential vitality utilization and world essential vitality shares somewhere in the range of 2010 and 2030 show in the diagram beneath. As introduced in figure 1, most of all out worldwide vitality utilization despite everything contributed by the essential vitality, which comprise of raw petroleum, coal, and LNG. In 2030, these three principle vitality wares are undertaking to be expended over 12billion TOE (ton of oil proportionate) comprehensively, which around 70 percent of all out vitality devoured. In addition, from the diagram it very well may be seen the improvement of each type of vitality delineating an alternate inclination. Raw petroleum as the most consumable vitality over the most recent 20 years isn't show a critical turn of events. Decrease in its stores cause the unrefined petroleum no longer give supportability to worldwide buyer. Be that as it may, the measure of oil expended in 2030 is sensibly tremendous and still give an incredible commitment to the worldwide customer with somewhat less than 30 percent (figure 2). Then again, the advancement of the other two essential energies is impressively high. Gas especially, is anticipated to develop consistently in the following 20 years and become the quickest developing fuel fossils. As can be found in the figure 2, gas gracefully offer to the world’s vitality utilization will reach more than 20 percent by 2030. The gas flexibly to the worldwide vitality buyer will be spoken to by develop fasting LNG gracefully, which arrive at the quantity of 4. 5 percent for every annum quicker than complete gas flexibly (2. 1 percent). In the interim, development of worldwide coal utilization is showing a consistent pattern up until 2030 (figure 1). The coal utilization anticipated to increment until around 2020 however begin to decrease a short time later with China as the principle buyer of this vitality end their quick utilization. By the by, by 2030 coal overwhelm oil on the world essential vitality share (figure 2). In addition, the utilization of non petroleum derivative vitality in 2030 is anticipated to develop greatly (34 percent) and will have an a lot bigger extent to the worldwide vitality utilization as can be seen in the two figures. Non petroleum derivative, inexhaustible specifically will be significant by that year as monstrous needs of manageable force for power and transport fuel will rise the advancement of this sort of vitality. 3. Unrefined petroleum SEABORNE TRADE Aforementioned, the development of raw petroleum request won't have a noteworthy improvement, which considered the utilization development that solitary 0. 6 percent yearly somewhere in the range of 2010 and 2030 (BP, 2012). This circumstance gives a genuine effect on the raw petroleum big hauler business. Grossman et al (2006) communicated the viewpoint of unrefined petroleum big hauler business in 2030 is concealed by the vulnerability. The high measure of oil cost, declining stores of raw petroleum and confinement underway limit could influence the world raw petroleum exchange. Be that as it may, disregarding numerous vulnerabilities to a great extent, there are still some acceptable patterns concerning this business. One of the upsides is increment in moved separations, which will have a few advantages particularly for enormous size big hauler vessel. As declining of develop oil field saves that have generally close separation to the significant bringing in nations and geopolitical issues on pipeline improvements, the reliance of the merchants to significant makers in Africa and Middle East is amazingly high. Grossman et al (2006) included Maritime Trade and Transport Logistic Strategy 2030, the unrefined petroleum sends out portion of Middle East nations will raise to more than 60 percent, which implies the big hauler exchange from that point to significant exporters will have similar patterns. Figure 3 beneath, present the unrefined petroleum exchange streams 2030 convey by big hauler vessel. It tends to be seen that significant bringing in nations particularly in the Asia locale have a gigantic reliance on raw petroleum exchange from Middle East. China for example, is anticipated to import the oil from Middle East for roughly 5. 9 million BPD (IEEJ, 2006), increment more than 50 percent from 2011 (EIA, 2012). The fundamental factor of this is decrease of China oil creation to just 2 million BPD. Patterns on decrease underway limit additionally happened on other East Asia nations. Aggregately, other East Asian nations outside China and Japan just delivered oil marginally more than 2 million BPD, which constrained them to import more, particularly from Middle East district that arrive at 10. 6 million BPD. In the mean time, Japan and India that customarily are net shippers of oil is anticipated to import oil from Middle East for 3. 6 and 6. 6 million BPD, separately. Altogether, Asian district anticipated to import right around 30 million BPD from Middle East Region in 2030. One of the impacts of this circumstance is addition of raw petroleum big hauler traffic around Strait of Malacca and Singapore. As appeared in the Figure 4, the quantity of VLCC passing this waterway will increment up to 8646 nearly multiplied from 2010 and oil exchanged through this region arrive at 24. 7 million BPD, which on one hand is useful for country’s pay however then again it will cause a sensibly extraordinary clog. Moreover, US and Western Europe as the significant market partners for oil additionally relies upon raw petroleum transportation. US especially, regardless of they despite everything produce extensively huge measure of oil, they despite everything need to import it from Middle East, Africa and Latin America in light of the fact that their creation limit is no longer satisfy the residential market. Complete oil exchange from those three locales arrive at somewhat more than 10 million BPD, which is still beneath their residential creation rate. While, for Western European market, the reliance on seaborne oil exchange from other area isn't as a high as both US or Asian nations since they despite everything have pipeline appropriation from Eastern Europe, Russia particularly. Besides, in the drawn out situation, as creation limit will arrive at the pinnacle number in this p

7 Ways to Avoid Overdraft Fees

7 Ways to Avoid Overdraft Fees 7 Ways to Avoid Overdraft Fees 7 Ways to Avoid Overdraft FeesWhile there arent any ways to escape overdraft fees altogether (even if you opt out of overdraft protection) there are still many ways to keep them at bay.There are a lot of things you can do that will hurt your long-term financial outlook, like making weekly visits to the casino or investing in your cousin’s new business idea. (Uber for hot air balloons? Sure, Darryl.)But while racking up overdraft fees on your checking account is a bit more on the mundane side, it could end up doing just as much financial damage as any ill-timed family investment.Overdraft fees are most commonly created when people forget how much a bunch of small purchases can really add up,” said Shane Walker, Shane Walker, executive VP and CMO at  ProActive FinTech LLC. A zip through the drive-thru, a stop for milk and bread, some gas in the tankâ€"and suddenly, the bank account is hovering just above zero. And you might not even realize it.”With an average overdraft fee of $3 0, overspending your available funds is not a mistake you want to make. How a $15 meal can cost you $120.One of the dangerous things about overdraft fees is that they aren’t a one-time thing. Once you’ve overdrawn your accountâ€"and been hit with that initial feeâ€"every subsequent withdrawal or debit card purchase will result in a brand new charge.As a result, the bill can add up really fast.Licensed CPA  Riley Adams (@TheRiles89) shared this story from his college of how overdraft fees took a few small financial mistakes and very nearly turned them into a major money headache:“I recall an unfortunate event with my brother going to McDonald’s after class. My brother didn’t want food when we got there so I ordered myself some food and incurred (without my knowing) an overdraft fee. That $5 combo meal turned into $40.“After my brother saw my food, he got hungry and wanted to order something as well. His $5 meal also cost me $40 when the fee was included. And if it wasn’ t bad enough, when we both finished, we ordered dessert.“You can guess what happened. Three overdraft fees plus $15 worth of food was outrageous.That’s awful! Luckily, Adams’ tale of overdraft fee-induced woe has a happy ending.“Fortunately, we contacted the bank explaining we didn’t know we were overdrafting because my direct deposit paycheck was delayed that week. After clearing this up, thankfully, they waived the fees, he explained.While calling your financial institution post-mistake is always a good idea, you shouldn’t make that your go-to overdraft avoidance strategy. In order to kiss these ridiculously expensive fees goodbye. we recommend you try one (or more!) of the following seven methods.1. Use an overdraft line of credit.Adams went on to say that he rectified the situation by adding an overdraft line of credit to his account to ward off future overdraft fees. This is a product that, in essence, loans your account to cover the overdrawn funds until you can de posit more money in your account.While you’ll owe interest on any funds that are drawn from this line of credit, the rates you’ll pay will be much lower than the corresponding rates for an overdraft fee. Adams’ $120 meal, for instance, carried an interest rate of 700 percent.“It turned out to be a much less costly way to bank than hoping not to get hit with overdraft fees. Many banks have begun to offer this service and I know I’m glad I have mine, he said.2. Link an emergency fund savings account.If you can save up a little bit of money, its a good idea to link up a savings account as a form of overdraft protection. While you’ll still incur a small charge for the transfer, you won’t have to pay any interest on the transferred funds.“Setup an emergency funds savings account,” said Pete Longo, VP of Digital Banking at  Axiom Bank, N.A. (@axiombank). Do not make this your main long-term savings account but instead an account where you  set aside some emergency funds each payday. Even a small amount such as $5 can build up with proper budgeting over time.“From here you can choose to link this account to your checking account for overdraft protection if your bank offers it.  This will minimize or eliminate fees in the event of a mistake where overspending occurs.”You’ll still want to take additional steps to avoid overdrawing your account, but this is a much better emergency fallback option than an overdraft fee. You’ll also want to make sure you keep that emergency fund well-stocked, otherwise, you’ll find yourself right back where you started.3. Make a budget.Of course, the best way to avoid overdrawing your account and incurring all those extra fees is to keep track of your money! And to do that, you’re first going to need a budget.“Create a budget at the beginning of the month,” advised money blogger Yaz Purnell of  The Wallet Moth (@thewalletmoth). “Set aside money for your rent/mortgage, bills, transport, groceries, leisu re/hobbies, and any other monthly costs you incur. Simply having an idea of what money needs to go where is your first step to avoiding accidentally overdrawing your account.”Not sure how to go about building a budget? No worries! Just check this  OppLoans Guide for first-time budgeters, complete with a free budgeting spreadsheet to help you get started!4. Get a money tracker.Creating your first budget is a huge step in the right direction. But once you’ve got that in place, you’ll still need a way to keep track of your spending. That’s why Purnell recommends using a money tracking app.“There are so many free money trackers out there, from Mint to Yolt, that can be easily installed as an app on your phone to track your income and outgoings,” she said. “Download a money tracker and get into the habit of checking your outgoings on a daily basis so that you always have a good idea of how much you can afford.You might even have a money tracker right there in your checking account!“Many banks offer this to customers in their online or mobile banking, said Longo. “If your bank does not offer it and you do not want to switch banks than look into a free alternative by searching online for personal financial management.5. Set up bank notifications.Sometimes, folks will knowingly overdraw their account because they feel that they have no other choice but accept the fee. But many others simply don’t keep track of their checking account balance and incur overdraft fees on accident!A great way to avoid the latter is to set up notifications on that checking account that will alert you when your balance is getting low.“Utilize your bank’s real-time notification system in your online/mobile banking,” advised Longo. “Setup notifications to be sent to your smartphone or email when your checking account balance falls below a set balance (i.e $25).“This will give you a friendly warning when your funds might be a little too close for comfort and poten tially stop you from accidentally ‘overspending’.”6. Use multiple bank accounts.If you’re like a lot of people, then you probably only have one checking account that you use for everything. But have you ever considered using multiple checking accounts for different expenses? Doing so could be the key to avoiding overdrafts.“For larger monthly bills, like your rent and electric, set up a separate bank account and regularly add money to it. Enough to cover those bills, on time, every month” said Walker. The key is to only pay your larger bills from that account, like your utilities and mortgage.“By keeping a separate account from your everyday spending, you arent dwindling down your balance with daily expenses. The money for those large bills is safe and ready when needed. The average household should have less than 10 payments going out of that account per month, making the math easy.”In a similar fashion, Walker also recommended purchasing gift cards to use on your w eekly in place of a debit card.“Gift cards have a hard limit that cannot be exceeded and you cannot incur overdrafts on them,” he said. “You can get gift cards for gas, groceries, restaurants and more. They even have them for most major cell phone providers.”7. Don’t opt-in. (And if you have, then opt-out.)In the end, there is only one way to avoid overdraft fees altogether … and even that option won’t work in certain circumstances!If you are already at a bank that you are comfortable with visiting a branch and discussing “opting-out” of overdraft privileges on your checking account’s debit card. This will make it so your debit card will simply be declined if at the point of sale and there are not enough funds available,” said Longo.But even opting out won’t work all the time.One thing many people do not understand is that even if you do not opt-in for overdraft, you can still get an overdraft fee,” said Adam Rust, Director of the consumer rights non-profit  WiseWage.org (@WiseWage).“The bank only allows you to opt-out of transactions where they can verify good funds prior to approval. If you write a check, they will charge you an overdraft fee and pay the bill or decline to pay and charge an insufficient funds fee.”And make sure you keep track of your automatic bill and subscriptions!“Important reminder that your account can still be overdrawn in this scenario if you have recurring bills setups such as Netflix or a gym membership as opting out cannot prevent these preauthorized charges from coming through” warned Longo.Overdraft fees vs. bad credit loans.Bad credit loans are way more expensive than regular  personal loans. And while the rates for some bad credit  installment loans can be fairly reasonable, the annual rates for  no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances  can be beyond ridiculous.Even so, when compared to overdraft fees, the cost of those no credit c heck loans can seem downright reasonable.According to a 2014 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau study on overdraft fees, the average overdraft transaction was $24, the median overdraft fee was $34, and most of those fees were paid back within three days.To compare: If someone borrowed paid $34 to borrow $24 over three days with a no credit check loan, that would add up to an APR of 17,000 percent!While bad credit loans pale in comparison to the overdraft alternatives listed above, you might actually be better off using a bad credit installment loan to cover an unexpected bill or financial shortfall than you would be using overdraft fees.If youre living paycheck to paycheck, there simply isn’t a way to completely escape overdraft fees. Thats why your best solution is to stop living one pay period at a time. And that means building a budget and increasing your savings. To learn more about how you can take control of your  financial future, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsSave More Money with These 40 Expert Tips10 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneyDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsRiley Adams (@TheRiles89) is a licensed CPA in the state of Louisiana working as a Senior Financial Analyst for a Fortune 500 company in New Orleans. He has a personal finance blog dedicated to helping young professionals find financial independence at YoungAndTheInvested.com.Pete Longo is the Vice President of Digital Banking at  Axiom Bank, N.A. (@axiombank), a Maitland-based, leading community bank. He has more than a decade of experience in banking, business development and financial software vendor management. Pete graduated with a degree in business management and an MBA from Stetson University.Yaz Purnell  (@thewalletmoth) is the founder of  The Wallet Moth, a personal finance blog that focuses on sustainable changes anyone can make to create your dream lifestyle.Adam  Rust  is the Director of Research at Reinvestment Partners   (@ReinvestPartner) and the Director of WiseWage.org (@WiseWage). He advocates for an  inclusive financial system. WiseWage has enabled thousands of workers to manage their finances with safe and affordable accounts overdraft-fee-free accounts. At Reinvestment Partners, he has pursued campaigns related to payday lending, basic bank accounts, overdraft fees, high-cost credit insurance, and home mortgage lending. He is an Interim Board Member of the US Faster Payments Council.Shane Walker is  the executive VP CMO at ProActive FinTech LLC. He  gives people better control of their finances by digitizing the successful concept of the envelope system for budgeting. At ProActive Budget, theyve  combined the modern convenience of a debit card with the proven budgeting system of using envelopes.  It works because it requires a person to consult their budget before they spend. It changes the behavior of spending money.

Advice for Young People Who Just Finished School - 1502 Words

Outcome Many young people who just finish school would like to move out to live their life, buy a car or travel the world. Everyone would love to do all the things they have ever visualised straight after they finish school and in order to achieve this cash plays a big role. The wise decision is to invest money so it can grow in value which will help achieve financial goals. This report will take a look at understanding different investment opportunities that can be made to ensure that young people have future financial independence. As soon as young adults finish school, they want to move out of the family home and learn to live their own life. The first thing that comes to the mind is the amount of money needed to rent accommodation and provide for food and clothing. It is important for young people to start investing their saved money early for it to grow while they prepare to step out into the community without support from parents. Many young people have a job whilst studying giving them a head start in investing money for the future. It is important that young people understand that not all money earned should be spent. The earlier investment starts the more money can be saved. Young people who start investing early, have the best friend of investing on their side: Time. Time is their strongest weapon in investments. According to calculations done, $5000 invested today in a bank with an interest rate of 4% will grow to $24,000 within 40 years. If they decided toShow MoreRelatedMy Plan For A Capstone Project1139 Words   |  5 Pagesevent that I work for an international organization in the third world; I would implement the concept of Leadership in Clinical Microsystem to circumscribe some epidemic diseases like Ebola outbreak; Cholera and the HIV control. I have successfully finished my Mathematics and Statistics courses. I have already utilized many of those concepts in my life including my workplace. 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Appreciate every moment that comes intoRead MoreTeens s Early Puberty Stages829 Words   |  4 Pagesideas and opinions of their parents (Newman and Newman, 2014). Parents of support and acceptance of the characteristics, helps strengthen the family. Parents who consider the value of opinion and ideas of the adolescents, gives them a sense of mutual responsibility and care. 3) Psychosocial development in teens: Many hours are spent not just at home for influential guidance or impact in shaping the individual, but are also shaped in an academic work environment. Whether, the influences are fromRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore 1668 Words   |  7 Pagesprison for life and the other with his freedom. There are several reasons that the two Wes Moores ended up in different situations such as the way their mothers raised them and the different choices that were made by them throughout their life as young adults. 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Social Networking A Social Network Site - 765 Words

Question 1 (a) Social Networking What is a Social Network Site? Since the advent of networking, users have been communicating in ever increasing ways. For a majority of users their first computer-mediated communication (CMC) may have been simple text message emails, while at work. Emails now have the ability to include HTML formatting and to include attachments. Messages are sent one-to-one or one-to-many, but this is not what we normally refer to as Social Networking. Social Networking as defined by [Boyd and Ellison, 2008] is â€Å"web based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others†. Thinking about who or what is Social Networking you may immediately have your own list in mind which, most likely includes some or all of the following: Facebook, MySpace, Linkedin, Bebo and Twitter. What function do they have? Different Social Networking Sites (SNSs) may have different functions or specialties, while conforming to the above definition as to what makes a SNS, so depending on our individual requirements, we will each list these sites in differing orders of perceived importance. Key however is the fact that they all allow you to display your own circle of contacts and to communicate to and with these circles and beyond. Some common traits are enabling users to communicateShow MoreRelated Social Networks and Social Networking Sites Essay3605 Words   |  15 Pagessociety with the Internet readily available to many. Convenience and connection are vital to individuals, especially within the United States. 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Modern social networking sites began to become extremely popular when two thingsRead MoreSocial Networking120 0 Words   |  5 Pages2 OUTLINE TOPIC: Social Networking ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: Topical SPECIFIC PURPOSE: Informative THESIS STATEMENT: I will be informing the audience about social networking in three aspects. INTRODUCTION ATTENTION GETTER: When you log onto your computer and start up a web browser, what is the first website that comes to mind? Facebook? Myspace? Maybe Twitter? These websites are just some of the worlds top social networking sites in the worldwide webRead MoreEffects of Social Media on Society Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesWith social network on the rise, and the large amount of young people that take part in social networking, there is question as to whether or not social media should be part of our education system. 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Food Security Free Essays

Kirsten Highsmith February 1,2013 Eng Humanities 2-1 Etymology Imperialism 1. (Noun): A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force; (Noun) The system, policies, or practices of such a government; (noun) an instance or policy of aggressive behaviour by one state against another 2. Imperialism originated in 1826 in a Napoleonic context, â€Å"advocacy of empire,†also of Rome and of British foreign policy, from imperial and -ism. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now At times in British usage with a neutral or positive sense relating to national interests or the spread of the benefits of Western civilization. . Imperialism is still in use. 4. Although Imperialism originated in 1826 it was first recorded 1878. It was picked up in Communist jargon by 1918. The term Imperialism applied to Western political and economic dominance in the 19th and 20th centuries. (etymonline. com) 5. A modern, interesting use of the word is that â€Å"Imperialism† is the name of a turn-based Strategy video game. Matrix 1. (Noun): An environment or material in which something develops; (Noun): A mass of fine-grained rock in which gems, crystals, or fossils are embedded; (Archaic)The womb; Archaic)The formative cells or tissue of a fingernail, toenail, or tooth; (Noun) A rectangular array of numeric or algebraic quantities subject to mathematical operations 2. Matrix originates from the Latin, female animal used for breeding, parent plant, from matr-, mater. Its first known use is 1555. Its also from the Old French word matrice. 3. Matrix is still in use, except for the third definition listed above. 4. â€Å"Matrix† is the Latin word for womb, and it retains that sense in English. It can also mean more generally any place in which something is formed or produced. The term â€Å"matrix† for an rray of numeric or algebraic quantities subject to mathematical operations was introduced in 1850 by James Joseph Sylvester. (ualr. edu) 5. A modern or interesting use of the term â€Å"Matrix† is that â€Å"Matrix† is the name of the brand new 2012 Toyota sports Car Sugar 1. (noun): A sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants; (noun):Used as a term of endearment or an affectionate form of address; (noun): A psychoactive drug in the form of white powder 2. Sugar first originated in the late 13 century, â€Å"sugre†, from Old French. Its Medieval Latin word was succarum, and its Arabic word being sukkar 3. Sugar is still in use. . Sugars Old World home was India and it remained exotic in Europe until the Arabs began to cultivate it in Sicily and Spain; not until after the Crusades did it begin to rival honey as the West’s sweetener. 5. A modern or interesting use of the term sugar is that it is the name of a American alternative rock band which was first formed in 1992. Necromancer 1. (noun): A person who practices necromancy; a wizard or magician 2. Necromancer originated in c. 1300, from the Old French word nigromansere, 3. Necromancer is still in use. 4. The word necromancer is adapted from the word necromancy meaning a form of magic nvolving communication with the deceased. The word â€Å"necromancy† is adapted from Late Latin necromantia. Early necromancy volved from shamanism, which calls upon spirits such as the ghosts of ancestors. 5. A modern or interesting fact about the word necromancer is that in the popular video game Guild Wars a necromancer is a playab le character who can call on the spirits of the dead, and even death itself, to overpower enemies and assist allies. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Dictionary. com. † Thesaurus. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 2. â€Å"Etymology. † Behind the Name:. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 3. EtymologyAbout Our Definitions: All Forms of a Word (noun, Verb, Etc. )Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 4. â€Å"Online Etymology Dictionary. † Online Etymology Dictionary. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 5. Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. Kirsten Highsmith February 1, 2013 Humanities II 2-1 Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa Food Security can be translated into many different definitions. Webster’s definition of it is, â€Å"Food security refers to the availability of food in sufficient quantity in a safe and nutritious form and one’s access to it for a healthy and active life. This definition for food security clearly sets out the different sections involved when discussing food security, globally. These sections include many different aspects of food security. For example: the physical availability of food, and economic access to food, and the sustainability of these aspects to deliver adequate levels of food security. â€Å"In Sub-Saharan Africa today, almost 33 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa lack sufficient food security†( â€Å"Achieving Food Security in Africa: Challenges and Issues†1). The region of Africa as a whole remains constant to frequent food crises and famines hich are triggered by droughts, floods, and economic downturns. Food Security in sub-Saharan African households has been lowered because of the countries inability to produce the right resources to import food. Sub-Saharan Africa is dependent on agriculture which is most vulnerable to climate change making many methods of development futile but few methods supply satisfactory results. The use of agriculture can improve food security in sub-Saharan Africa by changing to different farming techniques such as using mulching, composting and crop rotation. Mulching in Africa can help improve food security in a multitude of ways. Mulches are materials placed over the soil surface to mainta in moisture†(treesaregood). By using mulching plants and vegetables are able to contain moisture even under extreme weather conditions. This is beneficial to Sub-Saharan Africa because of the many droughts they get, it is harder for plants and vegetables to grow and soon end up dying. By maintaining water plants are able to grow healthier and stronger. Water conservation is not the only thing mulching can help with. â€Å"Coupled with conserving moisture mulching prevents the compression and crusting of the soil aused by watering, and rain†( Russell). Because of the unpredictable rain in the Sub-Saharan, the soil is compressed and losses water which leads to the drying out and crusting of plants. By using mulching it helps stops moisture from traveling up through the soil, and leaving behind the dissolved minerals as a crust which would have blocked the plants from growing to the surface. Mulches also provide food for earth worms. â€Å"Earthworms are a valuable resour ce in the garden, Earthworms tunnel deep into the soil allowing air and water to easily reach plant roots†( mulchingaround). By mulch attracting earthworms plants are able to obtain water and oxygen easier which allows the soil to become richer and grow faster, which is exactly what the soil in the Sub-Saharan needs. Mulching helps improve food security by allowing plants and vegetables in the Sub-Saharan to grow at a faster rate which can be harvested and available more to different parts of the region. Tons of waste is generated through Africa and usually ends up in wastelands or turned into open dumps. Composting is an easy way of getting rid of waste in the Sub-Saharan and at the same time helping the environment. Composting is to fertilize with a mixture of decaying organic matter. †(Dictionary). Compost decomposes all the organic material and creates soil. By creating soil, it allows for a lot more room to plant and grown food making it widely available and easy to access. . â€Å"Small-scale farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and the entire African continent can improve yields by up to 100% throug h combining fertilizer micro dosing and manures application†( New Farming Techniques Help Improve Food Security). By adding different types of compost together farmers in the Sub-Saharan can help improve soil and plant growth by 00%, this percentage can drastically help improve food security all over the African region by using organic materials to help create compost. By using compost, Africa’s plant growth can improve by enriching the soil that it gets its nutrients from. â€Å"Compost also has the benefit of adding organic matter to the soil†( The New Vision for Agriculture: Transforming agriculture through collaboration). By adding organic material to soil it gives it the nutrients it needs to grow faster and helps contain water. There have also been new methods of composting called a â€Å"Compost toilet†. Composting toilets are toilet systems which treat human waste by composting and dehydration to produce a useable end-product that is a valuable soi l additive†( What is a Composting Toilet? ). Compost toilets allow waste entering the toilet to be evaporated into the atmosphere through the vent leaving amount of soil to be used as a natural fertilizer. As helpful as compost toilets are they are quite expensive which makes it harder for Sub-Saharan to use and can slowly but surely improve the food security issue. Crop rotation in sub-Saharan Africa isn’t anything new and has been allowing a more diverse roup of foods to grow which expands the choice of food. â€Å"A crop rotation is a series of different crops planted in the same field following a defined seasonal order† (merriam-webster). There is a wide diversity of cropping systems in sub-Saharan Africa. â€Å"A three years’ trial was held in a farmers’ field in Ghana to study the effect of sole crops â€Å"crops that are grown alone† compared to conventional crop rotation†( Magdoff). The studies showed that crop rotation allowed a faster growing and more diverse choice of food by using crop rotation. Through rotations, labor is educed and better distributed throughout the year allowing for a more organized labor structure. â€Å"Crop rotation can also balance the production of residues by alternating crops that produce few and or short-lived residues†(Toensmeier). This allows a lesser amount residues left over and allows them to be removed. With more residue removed it easier to grow more plants as well. â€Å"Many crops may have positive effects on succeeding crops in the rotation, leading to greater production overall†(Kroeck). Because of the positives effects of crop rotation sub-Saharan Africa has made it one of its number one food security support methods. By allowing greater production crop rotation allows for better access to food and availability which increase the amount of food security in the Sub-Saharan and other counties. There are many different reasons why Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from low food security one of them being the effect of greenhouse gases on the environment. â€Å"Greenhouse gas emissions per person from urban waste management activities are greater in sub-Saharan African countries than in other developing countries, and are increasing as the population becomes more urbanized†( waste management through composting in Africa). As Africa becomes more rbanized the waste becomes greater and harder to contain. The waste from greenhouse gasses effects the agriculture making it hard to grow food, which lowers its food security even more. Climate change also plays a huge role in agriculture. â€Å"African countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change because of their dependence on rain fed agriculture, high levels of poverty†(Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture). Because of the ever changing climate and the dependence on rain, it makes agriculture hard to become fully sufficient, if the crops aren’t getting enough rain and minerals needed. Manpowered labor is a necessity in increasing food security through agriculture. â€Å"It is to be expected that the HIV/AIDS epidemic will cause serious damage to the agriculture sector in those countries, especially in countries that rely heavily on manpower for production. †( V. IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE). Because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic many farmers and workers have become ill and unable to produce crops which leads to declining yields and agriculture production. The reduction of production because of HIV/AIDS in Africa has led to food insecurity. After researching the food security situation in sub-Saharan Africa and food security in ther countries the research shows that they cannot improve if more attention and support is not given to agriculture development. By using crop rotation, mulching and composting, farmers can cultivate their farms and use the same plots in repeatedly. Crop rotation allows for a more diverse choice of food and greater production overall. Mulching conserves moisture and improves the fertility and health of the soil. Composting is used as a soil conditioner and natural fertilizer. One major benefit of these farming methods is that it allows people to stop using slash and burn cultivation. Agriculture can be the basis for solid and diversified economic growth. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Agriculture and Food Security | World Economic Forum – Agriculture and Food Security. † Agriculture and Food Security. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 2. â€Å"Compost. † Organics South Africa. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 3. â€Å"CSIRO. † Facing Africa’s Food Security Challenges. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 4. Devereux, Stephen, and Simon Maxwell. Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa. London: ITDG, 2001. Print. 5. â€Å"Economist Intelligence Unit. † Global Food Security Index. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 6. â€Å"New Farming Techniques Help Improve Food Security. † New Farming Techniques Help Improve Food Security. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 7. â€Å"New Farming Techniques Help Improve Food Security. † Solomon Times Online RSS. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. 8. â€Å"SECTION I: SOIL COMPACTION-CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. † Soil Compaction: Causes, Effects, and Control. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013. 9. â€Å"Reusing Organic Solid Waste in Urban Farming in African Cities: A Challengefor Urban Planners. † Urban Agriculture in West Africa. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013. How to cite Food Security, Essays

Investigating Road Networks Requirement To Meet Demand - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Investigating Road Networks Requirement To Meet Demand Of Autonomous Vehicles. Answer: Project description The emergent of autonomous vehicle through the efforts of Google and Audi has raised new demands and requirements on the road networks. These vehicles are designed to travel on the same road networks with human driven cars (Gao, 2014). Therefore there is requirement for the autonomous vehicles to understand road network to enhance the safety measures. The road network needs to be fitted with technologies which can communicate with the autonomous car technology. This will ensure that the safety of the roads is enhanced. This report will analyze the different key aspects which the road networks need to be upgraded to accommodate the autonomous vehicles while maintaining high level of safety. Sensors and detectors are main parts which form the autonomous technology on vehicles. Road network has different terrains which affect the movement of vehicles on them. the autonomous vehicle need to detect any change on the terrain and change the different parameters such as speed (Rezaei Klette, 2017). These technologies need to be enhanced to ensure that the communication between the autonomous vehicles and road network is perfect. First, the autonomous vehicle has to understand the different status of the road networks. Factors considered for project selection AV is new topic and the public have little knowledge on it. Learning the interaction between AV and human on road networks is important I have high interest in solving obstruction on roads especially when machine has to make decisions which affect other road users. This project will look at the conflicts which AV is likely to face on road section and provide viable solutions. Hour to be spent on the project per week Between 9 and 13 hours. Under this article, Gao (2014) considers the problems which are experienced while implementing model predictive controllers for lane keeping. The autonomous vehicles have to interact with other vehicles on which lane they keep. Obstacles are faced while the AV is on the road and the controller has to earn and determine the result of the decision to be taken. Road network may include some sensors which will help the AV to function well and ensure that they avoid any irrelevant obstacles faced on the road. This article considers the use of MPC to help overcome the obstacles such as other roads and different roads statuses. This article is able to focus on the state of AV and driver and road monitoring. Rezaei and Klette (2017) looks to address challenges which drivers on road networks face when they interact with AV. In addition, this article looks at scenario of a driver operating a semi-autonomous vehicle. In this, the article provides different road factors which the driver has to concentrate on and the way to enhance the safety parameters. The authors provide the general overview of the way computer vision technologies operate to assist drivers and AV on roads. The article looks at the effects of introduction of Av on roads. The main aim of the article and authors is to show the way the interaction of AVs with other roads user on the roads. Obstacles such as pedestrians on the roads are some of the authors look at. The pedestrian will be unable to differentiate between human driven vehicles and AVs. This means that the AVs must learnt and detect obstructions and make viable decisions. Rodri?guez (2017) analyzes the different ways the pedestrians have to react while having the AVs on roads. These are important obstacles which the AVs will have to detect and make decisions upon interacting with them. Traffic management is one of the important points this article is able to present. The AVs will have to interact with different traffic measures and utilities when on road networks. Their interaction and decision making will be important to road safety. Gora (2018) makes the analysis on the ability of the AVs to evaluate different traffic conditions and their level of decisions making. Road network utilities such as traffic signals and route assignments are some of road factors which the author highlight to be able to affect the AVs. System boundaries are one of the major challenges which AVs are likely to face. According to Walch et al., (2017), this challenge may be solved through bimodal handover assistance. This technology will involve auditory and visual elements of monitoring AVs. This article looks at measures which can be used to enhance the safety of AVs while on roads. This article focuses on the way to reduce the crash level for the AV technology. The obstructions on roads are indicators of major accidents and crash when different capacities of vehicles interact. The AV technology is meant to make the road networks safer and this article analysis the worth of the technology on the roads. This article looks at different measures and reaction which the public has to take in order to enhance the AV technology. The AVs are likely to be impacted a lot by the reaction and performance of the public at the road networks. The article shows that there are different measures which the public has to take to ensure that AVs are less obstructed on the roads. The journal indicates that the public need more information to understand the AVs and therefore help them in transferring the road networks. The communication in road networks is essential to enhance the movement of traffic. The AVs communication with human driver vehicles and AVs is important to enhance traffic flow. This will ensure that the two are able o enhance flow on the roads. This article looks at communication channels and problems faced when AVs are introduced on the roads. This article tries to solve issues related to obstructions of AV. The key issue which the article is related to is the use of AV in agricultural setup. The authors focus on enhancing the detection of obstacles in agricultural setup for the AV. Wang et al., (2010) look at different issues related issues between the Av and outside world to enhance the safety measures. This helps to determine the effectiveness of the use of cameras as sensors at different parts of the fields. Automated calibration method is utilized in the experimental to help solve issues related to the safety issues while the AVs are on roads. This article looks at the development of Av and its interaction with the road networks. The conference looked at different measures which can be made to enhance the safety measures on roads while using the AV. It addition looks at intelligent control systems which can be developed on road network. These will be used to enhance the safety measures of the road network. Autonomous robots are one of the key ideas which the article develops to enhance the safety measures on the roads when using AV. Bibliography Gao, Y. (2014). Model Predictive Control for Autonomous and Semiautonomous Vehicles. Berkeley, CA. Wang, Q., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., Amir, E., Grift, T. E., Hansen, A. C., Tian, L. (2010). Autonomous machine vision for off-road vehicles in unstructured fields. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois. International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Lee, S. (2013). Intelligent autonomous systems 12: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference IAS-12, held June 26-29, 2012, Jeju Island, Korea. Heidelberg: Springer. Pettigrew, S. (February 23, 2017). Why public health should embrace the autonomous car. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41, 1, 5-7. Fa?rber, B. (January 01, 2016). Communication and Communication Problems Between Autonomous Vehicles and Human Drivers. Berkeley, CA. Vishwajit, N., Rijita, P., Rajesh, S., Sahadev, R. (January 01, 2016). Low-Cost Crash Protection System for Heavy Motor Vehicles. Cham, Switzerland : Springer. Walch, M., Mhl, K., Baumann, M., Weber, M. (April 01, 2017). Autonomous Driving: Investigating the Feasibility of Bimodal Take-Over Requests. International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction (ijmhci), 9, 2, 58-74. Rezaei, M., Klette, R. (2017). Computer vision for driver assistance: Simultaneous traffic and driver monitoring. Cham, Switzerland : Springer. Gora, P. (January 01, 2018). Simulation-Based Traffic Management System for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. Heidelberg: Springer. Rodri?guez Palmeiro, Ana (author). (2017). Interaction between pedestrians and Wizard of Oz automated vehicles. Cham, Switzerland : Springer.